很多学生对英语阅读很头痛，总认为自己有阅读障碍症，说阅读的文章貌似看懂了，但做题目却做不对；还有些学生说文章很凌乱，生词多，不知道作者在说什么，一头雾水。这些学生可能其他方面很优秀，比如说语法很精通，笔头翻译也比较干净等，但阅读成了他们心中的痛。

今天我们就来针对这一问题，作为一个克服障碍的learner在这里，跟大家交流一点点小的心得和学习方法。

首先，要养成理清文章脉络的习惯。在阅读时，要用比划出每一段当中的主题句、（一般出现在段首或段尾）核心句（比如转折部分的句子，过渡句）和出现频率较高的词。这些字句连在一起可能会帮你对文章的理解有个整体的把握。其次，要注意标点符号如破折号、冒号的用法，往往他们是对核心概念的界定和解释说明。第三，先看问题可能会帮助你理解文章，让你了解这篇文章到底要你掌握哪些核心内容。

至于阅读理解当中的各种题型的解题方法，我做如下的建议：

一、细节理解题

1．事实细节题的设问特点

（1）常以 when，where，what，which，who，how much/many等词提问。

（2）以是非true/false，not true/false等词提问。

2．正确选项的特点

正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常用方法就是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言（词汇和结构）改头换面，来表达相同的意思。

[例]  “Poor but honest.” “The deserving ( 值得帮助的) poor.” These words always come to my mind when I think of “the poor.” But I also think of people who, perhaps through alcohol (酒) or drugs, have ruined not only their own lives but also the lives of others in order to give way to their own pleasure. Perhaps alcoholism and drug addiction (上瘾) really are “diseases,” as many people say, but my own feeling-based, of course, not on any serious study-is that most alcoholics and drug addicts belong to the “undeserving poor.” And that is largely why I don’t give spare change to beggars.

64. What does the author think of beggars who take drugs?

A. They should be given a check-up.

B. They really need money to live.

C. They have no pleasure in life.

D. They are not worth helping.

此题答案是D。命题人在这里用 They are not worth helping来替换了文中的 undeserving poor，表达了相同的意思。

3．干扰选项的特点

（1）无中生有：凭空捏造原文不存在的细节，以迷惑和干扰答题。

[例] Many years ago，when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver，I was driving to my parents’ home in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station（加油站）about 50 miles from Oklahoma City，where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register（收款台）I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas.I took off，but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured

from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I should do. A car pulled up behind me. It was the couple I had spoken to at the gas station. They said

they would take me to my friend’s. We chatted on the way into the city，and when I got out of the car，the husband gave me his business card.

62. What happened when the author found smoke coming out of his car?

A. He had it pulled back to the gas station.

B. The couple sent him a business card.

C. The couple offered to help him.

D. He called his friend for help.

根据文中意思，此题答案是C。选项A、D都是凭空捏造原文不存在的细节，作为干扰项，虽然有B这一细节，但是这一动作发生的时间与题干不符，动词sent用得也不对。

（2）偷梁换柱：这是细节题干扰项最常见的方法。干扰项利用了原文的一部分结构和词汇，但在一些位置换掉个别词，造成了语义的变化。

4．解题思路

（1）返回原文，每一个选项都应力争返回原文，不能通过印象进行判断。

首先要找出文中哪一部分与其相关，同时要在文中找出一个词、一个句子、甚至是一组句子来直接或间接证实自己的选择。切不可用于文章无关的细节来作为证据。

（2）对于比较直接的细节题，有时不必通篇细看原文，只需采取“带着问题找答案”的方法。

先从问题中抓住关键性词语，然后以此为线索，要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节。

特别提示：细节题中，选项在意思上与原文相同的，才是正确的，而不一定是与原文一字不差的。

二、主旨题

主旨题一般包括：基本论点、标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度的概括或总结。

1．主旨题的设问特点

标志：常以“mainly about; mainly discuss; best title”等词提问。

2．正确选项的特点

正确选项概括归纳的范围大小恰到好处，选项表达的尺度恰当。

3．干扰项的特点

（1）以偏概全：答案只阐述了主旨的一部分，也就是局部信息，概括不够。

[例] A study of English learning problems was

carried out among a total of 106 foreign students．It shows that most students considered understanding spoken English to be their biggest problem on arrival．This was followed by speaking．Writing increased as a problem as students discovered difficulties in writing papers that they were now expected to hand in．Reading remained as a significant（显著的）problem. The information gained helped us in determining where special attention should be paid in our course．Although many students have chosen to join the course with a reasonable motivation（动机），we considered it important to note what seemed to encourage interest. Nearly all the students have experienced some kind of grammar-based English teaching in their own country. To use the same method would be self-defeating because it might reduce motivation，especially if it has failed in the past. Therefore a different method may help because it is different.Variety of activity was also seen as a way of maintaining（保持）or increasing motivation. Several years ago we had one timetable that operated throughout，but we soon found that both thestudents and the teachers lost interest by about halfway through the ten weeks. This led us to a major re-think，so finally we brought into line with the expressed language needs of the students.

65．What is the text mainly about?

A．Foreign students have more problems.

B．There are many ways to improve English.

C．Teaching should meet students’ needs．

D．English learning problems should be studied again．

A属于表达意思完全不对，B、D都只是涉及了一个方面的问题，以偏概全，C才是作者要表达的意思。

（2）主题扩大：归纳概括的范围过大，超过了文章讨论的东西。

（3）断章取义，概括错误：常以次要的事实、细节冒充全文主要观点。

特别提示：不管主题句出现在文章的什么位置，我们都要把这类题作为该篇文章的最后一道题去做，因为做完其他题以后会对文章的主旨理解有帮助。

三、推理判断题

这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思 ，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层阅读理解题。

1．推理引申题的设问特点

（1）常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等词提问。

（2）提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的动词，如probably，most，likely等。

2．正确选项的特点

  不是文中直接或明确说明的内容，是间接表达出来的，除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，让考生有推敲的余地。另外，正确选项大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。

  3．干扰项的特点

（1）夸大事实：对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面程度进行了夸大处理。

（2）无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推理。

（3）掺入常识：考生已有的常识是正确的，但不是基于文章。

（4）推理过头：引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。

[例]If you are lost in the mountains, stay calm in the face of darkness, loneliness, and the unknown. It will greatly increase your chances of survival（生存）. Many people think that preparing necessary equipment and knowing how to use it are very important, butactually eighty percent of mountain survival is your reaction to fear.

68．What can we infer from the passage?

A．Don’t travel by yourself. B．Mountain traveling is dangerous.C．Don’t get frightened in danger.D．Avoid going to unfamiliar place.

本篇短文主要向读者介绍了山地旅行遇险时应采取的应对措施，在文章的第一自然段作者一上来就明确提出：“If you are lost in the mountain, stay calm in the face of darkness,loneliness, and the unknown. It will greatly increase your chances of survival.”（一旦你在山地旅行时遇险，面对黑暗、孤独和周围未知的环境时，一定要保持冷静，这将大大增加你的生存机会。）在第一段最后作者还指出“actually eighty percent of mountain survival is your reaction tofear. . .”（实际上山地遇险时百分之八十的存货几率取决于你面对恐惧时的发应）。根据以上各个线索，应该推断出C为正确选项。而A、D看似常识（不要单独出游；尽量少去陌生的地方），其实则是无中生有捏造出来原文根本没有提到的信息。对于B这个断言有些推导过度，难道山地旅行就都是危险的吗？其实文章要表达的是在山地旅行遇险时要保持镇静，而且没有侧重山地旅行是多么危险。

4．解题思路

（1）抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。

（2）整合全文（段）信息进行推断：做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。

特别提示 推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理和正确的推断。

四、词义/句义猜测题

这是一种从阅读材料中挑出单词或短语，并重新解释的题型。这类词语一般具有以下特点：与文章主旨密切相关；语言文字或语法结构上有一定难度，不易理解；在特定上下文中有特殊含义。

1．词义/句义猜测题的设问特点

标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组，要求辨别其意思，关键词是： The word“. . .refers to __________.

2．正确选项的特点

（1）对于超纲词汇的正确解释，如果将它带回原文，则符合逻辑，使文章通顺易懂；

（2）对于未超纲的词或短语的正确解释，往往熟词新义，是根据上下文推测的一个特定场合的含义，对于这个例子我们可以结合下面的干扰项的特点一起来讲。

3．干扰项的特点

（1）字面意思：对于熟悉的词，干扰项会列出它的字面意思或常规含义。

（2）无关意思：除了字面意思，命题人还常用凭空杜撰出来的其他意思来干扰考生，但只要将此意思带入原文，不符合逻辑的就能够排除。

特别提示：不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文的出其在特定场合的意思。

 

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