zhangjun  发表于 2011-4-18 10:04:02| 2267 次查看 | 0 条回复


       全国高等教育英语四六级考试是可以说是大学生在本科阶段最为重要的考试。在教育部的要求中,英语四六级证书与学生的毕业文凭甚至出国等都有密切的联系。而英语考试中的作文写作又是其中重中之重。结合多年来大学英语教育的经验,以及对四六级写作的研究和一些丰富的教学经验,笔者认为非常有必要将一些四级写作知识和技巧进行总结,因为这不仅仅对现行四六级的考生,而且对即将参加新四六级考试的学生都有指导和借鉴意义。

       一、四六级写作的特点与要求
  孙子云:“知己知彼,百战不殆”。想在写作考试中获得成功,就必须首先了解四六级考试的要求和评分规则。由于新四六级考试还没有开始进行,笔者就以一篇根据现行四级写作题目“Do‘Lucky Numbers’Really Bring Good Luck?”写成的学生作文为例来讲述几个最基本的道理。
  例文1:
  Some people think that certian(拼写错误) numbers will bring good luck to them. Numbers such as six, eight, sixteen and eighteen are regarded as lucky numbers. There are also people who think that their success is related to certain numbers.
  However, some other people think numbers have nothing to do with their luck. They believe in their own rather than“lucky numbers”. They don't do things according to certain numbers.
  As far as I am concerned, I think it is a person's own business whether he believes in a certain number or not. The most important thing is that he has done the work by himself and has done it quite well. As to the belief in numbers, it is their (前后指代不一致,应改为his) personal choice.
  该文章是当年四六级考试命题组印发给全国评卷老师的一篇例文,根据15分制的评分标准,这篇例文被评为14分,供全国评卷老师作为评分参考。乍看起来,本文无论从遣词造句还是思想深度,似乎都算不得一篇佳作;但它之所以能够被评为14分,还是有其内在深层次原因的,那就是经常被考生们所忽视的议论文写作常识。简要地讲,可分为以下三个部分:
   (一) 英文议论文的结构特点
  汉语写作对文章结构的要求不是很高,如开头段应该包括什么、论题句应该在什么时候出现、文章的结尾是否必须总结全文等等。而英语写作要求文章结构必须十分严谨,文章各个部分的功能都要十分清晰,开头、中间和结尾都有严格的要求。
  简而言之,英语议论文共有三大特点:
  1、 观点鲜明的开头;
  2、 紧扣主题的结尾;
  3、 有主题句并且衔接自然的中间段落。
  这三点当中,第1、2点早已为绝大多数中国学生所熟知,因为开头点题和结尾扣题同样也是汉语文章的要求。但在长时间的学习过程中,这样的要求被很多学生以为是“老土”而得不到足够的重视。如果将这种思想带到英语议论文写作当中,直接的后果就是中心分散、观点不明确,加上中国学生普遍英文表达能力不强,这些因素就为整篇文章的失败埋下了隐患。
  另外,英语文章和汉语不同的是段落的主题句一定要放在段首,而不能按照中文的写作习惯放在段落的中间或者最后,在英文应试写作中更加如此。正因为没有“主题句”的思想,所以中国学生在写英语文章时经常“想到什么,就写什么”,这在英语议论文中是不能接受的。例如,例内容,换句话说,每段的内容都是根据首句来展开的,其顺序不能颠倒。
  (关于段落的衔接,在后面的内容中将详细介绍。)
   (二) 中心统一
  在中心统一这个问题上,英语议论文和汉语议论文的概念也有所不同。中国人在写议论文时常常遵循“中庸”的原则,其具体的表现就是认为世界上没有任何事情是绝对的。当他们在文章中表扬一件事物或一种现象的时候,总要指出其不足;同样,在批评一件事物或一种现象的同时,也总不忘记指出其也有合理之处。这种做法从道理上来讲并没有什么不妥,但却不符合英语议论文的写作习惯,因为英语作家在写议论文时关注的是自己的辩论技巧和其结果对公众的影响力。换句话说,如果作者告诉大家两面都有道理也就等于说两面都没有道理,因为读者在读了文章之后仍旧不知道作者的看法是什么,以及自己在这种情况下到底该怎么做。
  所以,既然四级考试考的是英语文章,大家就应该遵循英文议论文的写作思路和习惯:表示支持则旗帜鲜明地支持;表示反对就彻彻底底地反对,而不能采取“墙头草两边倒”的做法。以上面的例文1为例,如果作者的观点是“幸运数字是既有道理又无道理的”,这种观点就无法让人接受,因为在英语议论文中,这是典型的中心不统一。



       二、内容层次方面,作文的展开—按照三步走:   
     (一)题目涉及的现象进行简单的描述,在描述的过程中将写作引向文章的主题(这样的描述可以自己控制,如果第一段落字数单薄,可以适当使描述具体化)。
     (二)在第一步的基础上给出观点,观点视文章主旨可以分为:个人观点(包括方法、途径),和多方观点(观点从正反两方面或者一个方面的多个层次阐述;在交待观点是需要有原因和支持)。
     (三)个人观点总结点题(同意异表),简要指出方法途径,如果找不到具体的解决方法,则将话讲得圆滑(如果正文中间观点没有必然冲突,则可以融合)。
    A 1995.1 my view on the negative effects of some advertisements   
    社会上的广告现象越来越多,很多的广告对我们的社会有不良的影响-〉(广告如何多:路边大型广告,报纸一半是广告,电线杆上垃圾广告,电视商业广告频繁。)   
    Today we live in a world of advertisement. Ads appear on broad side boards, take up much of newspaper coverage, slip their way onto walls and constantly interrupt TV programs. However pervasive they are, (尽管他们四处充斥)they always produce a negative influence.   
    从观点的多个层次描写:1.白日抢劫——卖家通过弯曲夸大事实来欺骗消费者购买(化妆品);2.种下不良消费习惯或者价值观(香烟);3.污染环境(牛皮癣和校园商业海报)。   
    To begin with, daylight robbery is made everyday occurrence (白日抢劫每天都在发生)as a result of the negative effects of ads. Harmful ads exaggerate the functions and distort/ignore the facts.(夸大功能,歪曲事实) Every means is tried to hook people into buying(为了诱导人们消费,不择手段). Make-up promotion is a typical case in point.(化妆品促销就是一个典型的例子) Furthermore, misleading ads plant in the mind (在脑海中植下)of consumers, especially young people, a bad consumption habit or, even worse, corrupt values. For proof, look no further than cigarette selling. (香烟销售就是一个典型的例子)Ads with the image of a smoking pop star broadcast an irresistible message.(传递无法抗拒的信息) Last but not least, easily-printed posters and handouts have polluted our environment.   
    个人认为广告负面效应不可避免,要通过严格的法律来减少危害,同时开动脑精,远离它们。   
    Personally, no one can avoid the negative influence. However, we need to step up law enforcement (加强执法)to minimize the harm of such ads. Meanwhile, as consumers, we need to use our head and keep our distance.   
    B 1996.1 Two-day weekend   
    --〉工作效率提高,物质生活富足,人们可能享受2天周末制,—〉(除了工作效率之外:人们对生活水平的期待。)   
    As the productivity improves, our society becomes more affluent than ever before. As a result of such social advance, a 2-day weekend seems not just possible but also feasible.   
    从正反两方面描写,每个方面可以从多个角度来论述:1.有人欢呼,原因如下:1)更长的休息时间,更好的调整精力,更高的效率为新的一周做好准备;2)更长的时间与家人分享,更加融洽家庭关系;3)可以进行适当距离的旅游,更好的享受生活。2.有人反对,原因如下:1)在某种程度上不利于生产和生活(减少产出,办事不方便);2)降低效率(周末未完之事必须拖拉两天;周末活动过多造成假期疲劳)。   
    The proponents (支持者)happily welcome a 2-day weekend for the following reasons. Firstly, a 2-day weekend ensures more time for rest(确保足够的时间休息). People can better recover from 5 days hard work(可以更好的从天的工作中恢复过来) and get more refreshed and productive for the coming week. Secondly, a 2-day weekend allows more time to share with one’s family. Thirdly, 2 days make possible(使—成为可能) short-distance travels, so that people needn’t rush through a destination (在一个游玩的目的地走马观花)and can enjoy more of life(更好的享受生活). On the other hand, the opponents(反对者)argue an extended weekend(延长了的周末) causes incontinences of some kind (某种程度的不便)to life and harm to economy, as workers in service agencies (服务行业)and in companies leave position for leisure and recreation.(离职去娱乐享受) What’s more, a longer weekend reduces efficiency(降低效率) and does not necessarily promise (确保)more energy for a new week. Anything that happens on Friday but can’t be finished within that day has to be delayed even longer. After people finish an ambitious travel, they feel exhausted than refueled. (他们感到很疲劳而不是充电了)   

       三、这里总结了四六级考试写作中的多种表达法:
     (一)运用同义词语。如:他上星期生病了可译为:
  (1) He got ill last week.
  (2) He was ill last week.
  (3) He fell ill last week.
  (4) He became ill last week.
  (5) He was in bad health last week.
     (二)运用同一词语的不同句式结构.如:“他写那篇文章花了三个星期”可译为:
  (1) It took him three weeks to write the article.
  (2) He took three weeks to write the article.
  (3) The article took him three weeks.
  (4) To write the article took him three weeks.
  (5) It took three weeks for him to write the article.
  (6) Writing the article took him three weeks.
     (三)运用简单句与复合句的相互转换理论。如:
  The man standing there is a policeman.→
  The man who is standing there is a policeman.
  What we should do next is unknown.→
  What to do next is unknown.
  We are thinking of how we can finish the work in time.→
  We are thinking of how to finish the work in time.
     (四)综合运用同义词语与不同句式。如:“他做完练习后,便出去了”可译为:
  (1) After he had finished the exercises, he went out.
  (2) After he finished the exercises, he went out.
  (3) Having finished the exercises, he went out.
  (4) Finishing the exercises, he went out.
  (5) After finishing the exercises, he went out.
  (6) The exercises being finished, he went out.
  (7) The exercises finished, he went out.
  (8) The exercises having been done, he went out.
  另外,还可采用修辞等方法,以增进多种表达的本领。


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